Israel is a world leader in desalination, using large coastal plants (like Ashkelon, Sorek, Hadera) and reverse osmosis (RO) technology to turn seawater into drinking water, now supplying around 80-90% of its municipal needs, solving chronic water scarcity, and even pumping desalinated water into the Sea of Galilee to replenish it, though it creates challenges like mineral deficiencies requiring water fortification.