The Crusades: Beginning in 1096, European Christians launched military campaigns in the Levant, resulting in widespread bloodshed, the capture of Jerusalem, and even the sacking of Christian Constantinople.

The Inquisition: Institutional bodies established by the Catholic Church in the medieval period sought to suppress heresy through interrogation, imprisonment, and execution, often in cooperation with secular powers.

Colonialism: The expansion of European powers into the Americas and other regions was frequently paired with the forced conversion and subjugation of indigenous populations under the banner of Christianization.

Wars of Religion: The Protestant Reformation sparked intense sectarian conflicts across Europe, most notably the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War, driven by theological and political divisions.

Modern Expressions: Sectarian and nationalist violence: Modern political movements have occasionally co-opted Christian identity, leading to incidents tied to white supremacy, anti-abortion extremism, or nationalist ideologies