persistent recurrence of antecedents & results.

Many confuse causal connection with logical implication.

Example:
Rain and clouds:
If it is raining, then it is necessary for there to be clouds in the vicinity, but the rain does not cause the clouds; rather vice-versa.

The matter was settled by Laplace, Jeffreys, and Jaynes.

Read https://freecomputerbooks.com/Probability-Theory-The-Logic-of-Science.html

also at: https://jhanley.biostat.mcgill.ca/bios601/GaussianModel/JaynesProbabilityTheory.pdf